I am also trying to find out the same information. While I can not find any scientifically based research - all the "answers" Ive found indicate between 2:1 & 6:1, and most likely 4:1.
Alternate Answer:
Refer to the Pilling-Bedworth ratio (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilling-Bedworth_ratio). It provides a theortetical volume ratio between the metal oxide and the elementary cell of the corresponding base metal. For iron, the ratio is roughly 2:1 (oxide to metal), but varies according to the chemical nature of the oxide, available oxygen, etc.
It is important to note that this is a theoretical ratio comparing relative volume and may not directly correspond with the ratio of measured thickness in actual practice because of the way the oxide (rust) product forms and layers resulting in varying density. Often, the physical thickness of the rust scale on carbon steel is reported to significantly exceed twice the loss in thickness of metal section. Many professionals in the corrosion industry cite an observed ratio of for carbon steel that is 4-10 times that of metal section thickness loss, particularly on heavy rust scaling in a chloride-laden marine environment. However, I am not aware of any published research or testing that supports this commonly accepted assertion.
This variance in ratios between the relative volume and thickness are possibly the result of voids within the formation of thick rust scale films. In my experience, we have observed rust scaling on carbon steel in a marine environment that is typically 3-4 times the thickness of the corresponding section loss in the base metal.
In summary, the answers could be different depending on whether the question concerns thickness of the corrosion product compared to metal section loss, or the relative volume between base metal lost and oxide formed. There is published data tha supports a 2:1 change in volume for iron. But, in terms of physical thickness of the measured rust scale compared to metal section loss, it appears the ratio could be greater.
Copper is the better conductor. The only materials that are better conductors than copper are either very expensive (such as gold and silver), or superconductors that only work at cryogenic (supercold) temperatures.
Factors that affect heat loss from a cup include the temperature difference between the cup's contents and the surroundings, the material and thickness of the cup, the presence of insulation, air movement around the cup, and the surface area of the cup in contact with the surroundings.
Increasing the surface area in contact with a cooler object, reducing the thickness of insulating materials between the body and the cooler object, and ensuring good thermal conductivity of the materials in contact with the body.
The melting loss of steel in a cupola furnace typically ranges from 5-10%. This loss is mainly due to oxidation, carbon pickup, and metal splashing during the melting process. Proper control of the furnace parameters and alloy additions can help minimize this loss.
Friction can have an impact on velocity ratio by reducing the efficiency of a system. Friction can transfer energy into heat, causing a loss in velocity and making it more difficult to maintain a consistent velocity ratio. Reducing friction through lubrication or other means can help improve the velocity ratio.
The thickness at which insulation begins to decrease heat loss is described as Critical Thickness
A win loss ratio is to keep track of records for a season. Ex. 4:3 Ratio. the 4 is the win while the 3 is the loss airgo win loss ratio.
I'm not familiar with the term "term claim ratio." Did you mean "claim loss ratio?" If so, a claim loss ratio is the ratio between the amount of claims paid to the amount of policy premium. This can be done on either an individual insured basis, or on an entire "book" of business. Hope this helps.
how do we calculate credit loss ratio in banks financials
: Profit and loss account gives the actual information about net profit or net loss of the business for an accounting period, Profit and loss account gives the actual information about indirect expenses, Profit and loss account serves to show the ratio between net profit to sales, Profit and loss account helps in showing the ratio between net profit to operating expenses, Profit and loss account helps in controlling indirect expenses
% loss = ((selling price - cost)/cost x 100 Ratio of loss to cost? (selling price - cost)/cost
Loss Ratio in insurance is the ratio of total losses paid out in claims plus adjustment expenses divided by the total earned premiums. If an insurance company, for example, pays out $60 in claims for every $100 in collected premiums, then its loss ratio is 60%.
the thicker the insulation is then there will be less heat loss. The material also affects heat loss
Yes Thinner insulation is more loss - not as much loss as with no insulation Thicker insulation less loss.
Loss Ratio in insurance is the ratio of total losses paid out in claims plus adjustment expenses divided by the total earned premiums. If an insurance company, for example, pays out $60 in claims for every $100 in collected premiums, then its loss ratio is 60%.
Copper is the better conductor. The only materials that are better conductors than copper are either very expensive (such as gold and silver), or superconductors that only work at cryogenic (supercold) temperatures.
The ratio of losses paid to premiums earned, usually over a period of one year