The simple term for it is Schleutter strip.
There are several variations, but genericaly that is what its called.
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The master cylinder.
I think either Hentagon or Pentagon. probably Penta.
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The piece is called a chip. Note that some chips can be substantial. For example, once the Cullinan raw diamond was cut, it produced nine 'chips' all of which are notable, substantial stones.See images of the chips and read more, below.
The total distance around a plane geometric shape, i.e. one drawn on a piece of paper, is called the shape's perimeter.