What is the difference between steel toe and steel toe cap?

Answer 1

steel toe is metal all around the toes, steel toe cap is just in the front

EDIT:

Both are the same. The right terminology is "Safety boots, safety shoes or safety footwear". It doesn't matter what the toe cap is made of, as long as it meets the specifications set forward by the government (in Europe EN-20345)

To the above answer - i've never heard of or seen a shoe that has metal all around the toes.

In order to protect from penetration a safety midplate can be added. To protect from impact/compression above the toes a metatarsal guard can be added to the shoes.