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sensors sense how things are running, to see if anything needs to be adjusted, send info to ECU, ECU then sends info to actuator then the actuators does something to deal with the problem... sensors - input, actuators - output.

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A sensor detects and measures physical properties or conditions, converting them into electrical signals for processing. An actuator is a device that takes a control signal and converts it into physical movement or action. In simpler terms, sensors gather information, while actuators take action based on that information.

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Q: What is the difference between sensor and a actuator?
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What is the difference between transducer and actuator?

A transducer converts one form of energy into another, such as converting mechanical movement into electrical signals. An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals into mechanical movement or action, such as opening a valve or moving a robotic arm. In summary, a transducer senses or measures physical quantities, while an actuator causes physical movement or action.


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Flow rate is directly proportional to actuator speed. Increasing the actuator speed will result in higher flow rates, while decreasing actuator speed will decrease flow rates. Actuator speed controls the flow of a fluid or material through a system by adjusting the rate at which the actuator allows the material to flow.


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Sensitivity describes the smallest change an instrument can detect. Range describes the largest change an instrument can detect.


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The phase difference between two waves is directly proportional to the path difference between them. The phase difference is a measure of how much the wave has shifted along its oscillation cycle, while the path difference is a measure of the spatial separation between two points where the waves are evaluated.