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"Mitigation" refers to a tendency to lessen the negative effects of something and "aggravation" refers to a tendency to increase the negative effects of something. I imagine that the context of these two concepts is in respect to criminal legal proceedings, so mitigating circumstances are those that tend to make the crime less awful or more justifiable, such as someone stealing a loaf of bread to feed their starving family, and aggravating circumstances are those that make a crime more awful or less justifiable, such as torturing someone before murdering them.

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Mitigating circumstances are factors that lessen the severity or culpability of an offense, such as a defendant's lack of criminal history or remorse. Aggravating circumstances, on the other hand, are factors that increase the severity of an offense, such as the use of violence or the impact on the victim.

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Q: What is the difference between mitigating and aggravating circumstances?
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