These words are usually in many ways, as a game could mean a deer that a hunter is after, or a sports activity, or a manner of picking up women. Play could be a strategic set of movements in a particular sport, a Shakespearean perfomance, or what someone does when they do not want to commit to a single relationship, which is called playing the field.
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The distinction between a game and a sport is physical defense. By physical defense I mean your opponent is permitted to physically prevent you from succeeding. For example, Golf cannot be a sport because another golfer cannot interfere with you in any way while you are attempting to make a shot. You are only playing against the course. The same goes for Bowling, darts, and pool. All of these games require a great deal of skill, but should not be called sports.
Difference between do, go, play in sport??
The things we say in this area are often quite idiomatic, so it very much depends on the sport and on the context. However, here a few very general comments.
Tom plays soccer. Use this form for organized team sports, for games.
Tom goes dancing. Use this form for speaking of an activity that is not a game.
Tom does soccer. This is less common. It sounds like we are describing Tom's schedule, eg every Friday morning at school he does Biology and every Friday afternoon he does soccer. It still sounds a bit odd.
A play is a drama. Role playing is taking on the personage of a real or fictional character, or of some generic character such as a doctor, wizard, guard, or warrior. This is also used in sexual behaviors.
a game has a winner and rules. an activity is just something you do just for fun or in order to achieve something, a result (not to winn)