Very little in practice, except that an essay usually develops some form of argument and therefore begins with an introduction, has a number of intermediary paragraphs in which the argument is developed and then arrives at a conclusion which is set out in the final paragraph.
An article does not necessary develop an argument or even display a point of view. It is simply a succinct way of imparting information. Because it is aimed at a readership which seeks to be informed rather than entertained, it has shorter paragraphs than an essay. In other words, it is more punchy. It is likely to contain links and references and while being neatly rounded off at the end, does not necessary present any conclusion.
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An essay is typically a piece of writing that presents an argument or personal viewpoint, often with a more formal structure and style. On the other hand, an article is a more general term that refers to a piece of writing on a particular topic, usually for publication in a magazine, newspaper, or online platform. Articles can range from news reports and feature stories to opinion pieces and how-to guides.