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These are terms used in phonology to refer to different kinds of consonants.

The difference is rather difficult to explain, but very easy to recognize once you've heard it in actual speech. To speak an aspirated consonant, you have to expel air from your lungs as you are pronouncing it. The English stop-consonants p, t, and k are aspirated.

An unaspirated consonant does not have this exhalation from the lungs accompanying it. Those same consonants p, t, and k, are unaspirated when they immediately follow an s sound within the syllable (words like spoon, stop or skate).

To hear the difference, try this: Pronounce "I scream." The k-sound in "scream" is unaspirated. Now pronounce "ice cream." The k-sound here is aspirated.

As I said, this is a difficult thing to understand without listening for yourself

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