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Articulation refers to the physical movements of the speech organs to produce speech sounds, phonation is the vibration of the vocal cords to produce sound, and speech is the overall expression of sounds, including articulation and phonation, to convey language.
The four speech mechanisms are respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation. Respiration involves breathing for speech production, phonation refers to the production of sound in the larynx, resonance involves the modification of sound in the oral and nasal cavities, and articulation is the process of shaping sounds in the oral cavity using the articulators.
The place of articulation refers to where in the mouth a speech sound is produced, such as the lips, tongue, or palate. The manner of articulation refers to how the airflow is obstructed or modified when producing a speech sound, such as stops, fricatives, or nasals. The relationship between the two is that the place of articulation and the manner of articulation work together to create different speech sounds by combining where and how the airflow is manipulated in the mouth.
Improper articulation refers to difficulties in producing speech sounds accurately due to incorrect movement of the articulators (e.g., tongue, lips, jaw). This can result in unclear speech that is difficult to understand. Speech therapy can help improve articulation skills.
"Mumbling" typically has a negative connotation for articulation, suggesting unclear or indistinct speech.
A formal articulation test is a standardized assessment used to evaluate an individual's ability to produce speech sounds accurately. It typically involves the individual pronouncing specific words or sounds, and the results are compared to standardized norms to identify any speech sound errors or difficulties. Formal articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to diagnose and treat speech disorders.