The outside dimension of a barrel is simply the diameter.
The traditional inside measurement of a rifled barrel is caliber and the traditional inside measurement of a smoothbore (shotgun) barrel is gauge.
Strictly speaking, smoothbore gauges are not diameters. Gauge number is the number of round balls fitting the bore that can be made from a pound of lead.
The diameter
The bore of a gun relates to the diameter of the hole in the barrel - and in turn the diameter of the bullet the gun can fire.
Calibre refers to the diameter of the barrel of a gun. Also known as the bore. It is referred to in imperial measure or metric depending on the manufacturer
The bore is the inside diameter of the barrel. Simply put, it's the hole down the middle of the barrel.
Yes, a bullet must be the same diameter as the barrel (unless it is a shotgun).
By measuring the inner diameter of the barrel across the lands.
Caliber "Caliber" is a word for the diameter of the bullet or the bore of the gun.
Known as the muzzle
Depends on the caliber, type of barrel, whether it is on a handgun or rifle, etc..
With rifles and pistols, it is the diameter of the inside of the barrel in inches. So a .45 caliber pistol has a barrel 0.45 inches in diameter. In can also be expressed in metric terms- caliber 9mm means a barrel that is 9mm in diameter. With cannon, such as those on a Naval vessel, it is the relation of the barrel length to the internal barrel diameter- so a 3 inch 50 caliber cannon fires a shell 3 inches wide, from a barrel 150 inches long (3x50).
The bore is the inside of the barrel- that is, the hole that the bullet is fired through. The diameter of the bore is measuring how wide the bore is from one side to another.
Oxidation of the steel of a gun barrel.