The pattern of spiral grooves cut into a weapon's barrel (rifling) will leave an impression on every bullet. Barrels are made of steel, and projectiles are made of softer metals like copper and lead.
Forensic labs can recover bullets and study the rifling impressions. In general, they should be able to tell which manufacturer made the gun that fired that bullet (each company uses their own technique & pattern for rifling). It is possible to narrow the gun identification down even further by looking at microscopic differences in the groove impressions.
If the forensics lab has the suspected firearm used in a crime, they can pretty much prove whether it fired the bullets in question to a high degree of certainty. Its basically a gun's fingerprint.
Rifling will leave grooves--impression in a bullet. These grooves can indicate the manufacturer of the gun that fired that bullet, AND, if there is a suspected gun in particular, microscopic variations can be used to confirm or refute that gun's involvement to a high degree of certainty.
The rifling is there to spin the bullet, which gives greater accuracy.
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There is a lot less resistance with the polygonal rifling. More over, if the polygonal rifling is chrome lined, the walls of the barrel are completely slick and offer less resistance. The projectile, the bullet, goes way faster. IDPA estimation here in the US are 10-30% faster.
When rifled, the rifling tool cuts the GROOVES. Material left between the grooves is the LANDS.
The rifling in a firearm is designed to cause the project (bullet) to spin, increase stability and accuracy.
Direction of spin is dependent on the direction of the rifling on the inside bore of the barrel. A bullet will spin the same direction as the rifling.
Rifling was invented in the late 15th century. It was improved by August Kotter of Nuremberg in 1520 and by others later. There is a link below.
The barrels of Glock pistols use a different style of rifling, known as polygonal rifling. When shooting cast bullets, this rifling will get smeared with lead (known as "leading up"), and the pistol becomes unsafe to shoot.
It is the rifling in a mossberg rifle barrel.
Inside the barrel.
In the mid 1400s