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They both have advantages and drawbacks.
Most chain drive systems eliminate slip between components and work very much like a gear-to-gear mechanism. With larger components though, the chain drive can get too heavy. It can get to the point were it is not economical to produce the chain or (due to power loss in moving it) use it to drive components.
With a belt drive system, there is greater possibility of slippage and the components are not linked ad securely. Energy is lost in the pulleys sliding around the belt as opposed to powering the other components on the wheel. On the other hand, belts are lighter and cheaper to produce, so after a certain point it is more efficient to use a belt.
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