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Money is a common example of a secondary reinforcer because it has no inherent value but can be exchanged for primary reinforcers like food or shelter. Other examples include praise, grades, or tokens in a token economy system.
Food = Hunger, Water = Thirst. Food serves as a primary reinforcer for a hungry rat, and water serves as a primary reinforcer for a thirsty one. Note: A primary reinforcer is any stimulus or event that by its mere delivery or removal acts naturally (without learning). Hope it helped, - Azad Prestek
The learning of phobias is a good example of classical conditioning known as "conditioned emotional response." This occurs when a neutral stimulus (like a spider) becomes associated with a negative response (fear) through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (like a painful experience or trauma).
When a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus can acquire the ability to elicit the conditioned response even without the presence of the original conditioned stimulus. This process is known as second-order conditioning, where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with the strong conditioned stimulus.
Primary reinforcement is the kind that satisfies a biological need. Examples include food, water, and shelter. These reinforcements are inherently rewarding because they directly address our basic survival needs.
Examples of conditioned reinforcers include praise, money, good grades, and social approval. These stimuli acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers such as food, water, or sex. Over time, conditioned reinforcers can motivate behavior even without the presence of the primary reinforcer.