It means "reigned". Ex. "Emporer Constantine I (r. 310-37), ..."
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before Christ
That symbol, when placed before or after a date, signifies that it was after the year 0. Usually if there is no abbreviation before or after a date, it is assumed to be after the year 0 as well. BC is the opposite, meaning that the date was before the year 0.
radius
r is the symbol for rate
While there is date on many products this is seldom a expiry date (the implication is that after the days the food or medication has gone bad) There is however a date to signify a "use before date" or "sell before date" to ensure freshness and customer satisfaction.