There are several ways of denoting the cartridge used by a firearm.
The 30-06 fires a 30 caliber (30/100ths of an inch in diameter) and was created in 1906. The 7.62x39 uses a 7.62mm bullet in a 39mm long casing.
One of the oldest designations is from the days of black powder cartridges. The .45-60 fired a .45 caliber bullet, propelled by a charge of 60 grains of black powder.
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