The difference between P charts and X and R charts can be explained. P charts calculate the amount of defaults in each group of manufactured materials. X and R charts are bar charts that measure defects at a certain defined point in a manufacturing process.
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Causes of Water in a pie chart should be shown because its easier to understand the causes of water problems in a pie charts rather than a bar graph b'coz studying a pie chart is easy b'coz the percentages of the information is given rather than studying numbers in a bar graph and now a days in the world when we make a projets where pie chart is included its very to study that information ( of that projet :p) .
P Chart.
From rule of set difference: A \ B = {x is element of A and not element of B} This is a little of first part of the question. When we have set A, set B and finding the difference of P(A) \ P(B) or the same as P(A) - P(B). First we have to make these two power sets of A, and of B. P(A) = { {}, subset of A, other subsets of A, , , (A its self)} P(B) = { {}, subset of B, other subsets of B, , , (B its self)} These two power sets will contain what ever subsets of A, or subsets of B, but first of their elements will be {}, which will be the same. From rule of set difference, I've seen many sample shown P(A) \ P(B) = { {}, subset of A, which not subset of B, , , } The big wonder is {}, the empty set still contained in the result set P(A) \ P(B), even though {} is contained in P(B). It did not being get rid off and other elements if they contained in P(B). Many internets show the same but never explain.
Given two events, A and B, the conditional probability rule states that P(A and B) = P(A given that B has occurred)*P(B) If A and B are independent, then the occurrence (or not) of B makes no difference to the probability of A happening. So that P(A given that B has occurred) = P(A) and therefore, you get P(A and B) = P(A)*P(B)
If the probability of an event is p, then the complementary probability is 1-p.