Hops have many uses in commercial brewing. The most common use is to provide bitterness to balance the sweet taste provided by the grains/malts.
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Hops are added at two times during the brewing process (usually). Early in the boil for purposes, and late in the boil for aroma. There is also a process called dry hopping in which hops are added during fermentation to increase the hop profile of the beer.
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Hops are also used as a preservative.
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Hops are a vine-like plant, who's dried flowers are added to the brewing process to produce the bitter flavor in beer, and also to act as a natural preservative. IPA (imperial pale ale) is the most common beer with higher amounts of hops than normal (lager) beers.
Hops contain an oil that serves as a preservative. This was added to make it last longer and not go bad. Today it has become a specific flavor expected in many beers. Extremely heavily hopped beers are a new area of brewing.
In general 2 grams of hops is used to make 5 gallons of beer. One gram is for bittering and one gram is used for flavoring.