Beer, like wine and UNLIKE colas, liquors, and most other beverages, are often bottled/kegged either unfiltered or lightly filtered. Filtration is wonderful for making your beverage LOOK appealing but not great in flavor terms. That "stuff" floating around in there is what creates the flavor in your beer or wine. Most brewers or winemakers decide to filter lightly, so as to strike a balance between a clean character and full flavor. But there are many, many examples of very popular beverages that aren't filtered at all. Widmer Brothers Hefeweizen is a primary example. It's cloudy in the glass, the result of their decision to retain the main flavor elements, the yeast and wheat particles. The same is true in many California and Washington red wines, which will show a big clump of what looks like grape jelly when you pull the cork.
There is absolutely NO health risk associated with the level of filtration. A beverage that looks clean is every bit as susceptible to taint and off flavors as one that's cloudy.
Finally, in older wines and ales, some percentage of the dissolved solids will precipitate out, causing sediment that clings to the sides of the bottle. Again, this is just part of the wine or beer but should be decanted to remove the larger chunks, which can be unpleasant to drink.
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