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Most (>90%) of it will be gone in weeks to months. The remainder can take years to centuries, or longer.

It all depends on isotope halflives.

(Additional reply):

At Hiroshima 95% of the deaths from radiation, by those who survived the blast were by those within 2.5 kilometres of the hypocentre and who remained in that location for the three months following.

Most radiation exposure is within 48 hours of the blast and often arises from dust and soil sucked into the mushroom cloud which then falls as radioactive rain and ash.

To protect oneself one either has to leave the vicinity as quickly as possible without breathing the dust or shelter deep beneath ground.

After three months the exposure would be negligible. Exposure is cumulative so if you avoid the early days, chances of sickness after three months are remote.

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