When putting a marble overlay over tile, like on a countertop or floor, you should first make sure the tile is in good condition and very clean or else it is not an optimal surface for the marble to adhere to. You should use a high flex thin set mortar like Super Flex to adhere it.
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This is not a good idea without using a cement /mortar board underlayment.
The sub floor should not be a problem if it hasn't been one for other reasons. What is most important is the installation of cement board over the sub floor to keep the tile and grout from cracking. Most marble tile used in residential buildings is not so heavy as to create weight issues.
It is best to remove the vinyl tile. If it is not on cement and is on wood you can install cement backer board. Be sure to put thin set under the board. If you spend the money and time to install ceramic tile and the vinyl tile comes loose all that $ is down the drain What is the best tile cement to use and this cement tile can be installed on vinyl tile and install ceramic tile on it
No, I would try to avoid that at all costs. If you do it, it will crack. It's best to remove the existing tile and smooth out subfloor before installing any tile, and most especially for installing marble which is very fragile.
You couldn't tile directly over a plywood sub-floor because over time, the wood will be expanding. There are products you can use in between the plywood and tiles to keep them in place such as cement backer board.