Uniaxial crystals have one optic axis, where the refractive index is the same in all directions perpendicular to it. Biaxial crystals have two optic axes, with different refractive indices along each direction. This causes different light paths and behaviors in biaxial crystals compared to uniaxial ones.
There are two types uniaxial or biaxial.
That is stress in three dimensions. Biaxial stress is in two dimensions. Triaxial stress has normal and shear stresses along each of three planes. Most beams can be analyzed with uniaxial stress; plates with biaxial; solids with triaxial
No, the hip is a multiaxial joint because it allows movement in three planes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation. This allows for a wide range of motion compared to biaxial joints.
Biaxial loading refers to the application of two perpendicular (often mutually orthogonal) loads or stresses on a material or structure simultaneously. This type of loading can lead to more complex deformation patterns compared to uniaxial loading. It is commonly encountered in engineering applications where materials are subjected to multi-axial stress states.
Certain substances will split a ray of light into two slightly different paths by polarisation. If a crystal transmits light without splitting it in this way when the light is incident on the crystal in only one direction then the crystal is said to be uniaxial. If light is transmitted when it is incident in either of two directions then the crystal is said to be biaxial. Please see the links.
A bisectrix is the line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.
Uniaxial movement refers to motion that occurs in only one direction or along a single axis. In the context of biology or anatomy, uniaxial movement can refer to the motion of a joint that allows movement in only one plane or direction, such as flexion and extension at the elbow joint. This is in contrast to biaxial or multiaxial movement, which involve motion in multiple planes or around multiple axes.
yes
Aircraft structures can be fabricated from fibre reinforced polymers such as carbon fibre/epoxy and glass polyester composites. They are normally loaded in more than one direction at once, that is, they are biaxially loaded. It has been recognized that limiting the evaluation of a material characteristic to uniaxial tests can lead to a misrepresentation of the behaviour of a material in an engineering structure. So, using more realistic loading during the test, i.e. introducing biaxial conditions, leads to a more accurate representation of the expected behaviour of the structure in-service, which could in turn lead to far wider use of composites. Advantages of Biaxial Loading: Biaxial Loading can be used to measure basic material properties and also the behaviour of specific features of interest under biaxial loading conditions. This would include open holes, holes containing fasteners, impact damage sites and loaded fasteners. This last type of test is made possible by the bolt loading facility. The use of biaxial testing represents a major step forward in understanding their properties and establishing a way forward to the next generation of advanced structures, leaving traditional 'black aluminium' designs in the past. Aircraft structures can be fabricated from fibre reinforced polymers such as carbon fibre/epoxy and glass polyester composites. They are normally loaded in more than one direction at once, that is, they are biaxially loaded. It has been recognized that limiting the evaluation of a material characteristic to uniaxial tests can lead to a misrepresentation of the behaviour of a material in an engineering structure. So, using more realistic loading during the test, i.e. introducing biaxial conditions, leads to a more accurate representation of the expected behaviour of the structure in-service, which could in turn lead to far wider use of composites. Advantages of Biaxial Loading: Biaxial Loading can be used to measure basic material properties and also the behaviour of specific features of interest under biaxial loading conditions. This would include open holes, holes containing fasteners, impact damage sites and loaded fasteners. This last type of test is made possible by the bolt loading facility. The use of biaxial testing represents a major step forward in understanding their properties and establishing a way forward to the next generation of advanced structures, leaving traditional 'black aluminium' designs in the past.
Yes
yes
Biaxial joints allow for movement in two planes or axes. A common example of a biaxial joint is the wrist, which allow for movement side to side, and also allows for movement up and down. It can be difficult to determine whether a joint is biaxial or multiaxial, because when the biaxial joint moves in both directions at the same time, it appears to have the multiaxial quality of being able to move in any plane or axes.