·A nested transaction is a transaction that is logically decomposed into a hierarchy of sub transaction.
A distributed transaction is logically a flat, indivisible transaction that operates on distributed data.
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Nested parentheses are sets of parentheses inside sets of parentheses, where a set of parentheses refers to a left parenthesis and a right parenthesis. This is an example of nested parentheses: The mohel (a man who performs a bris (circumcision)) was setting up his equipment on the table.
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public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i=1;i<5;i++) { for(int j=1;j<5;j++) { System.out.print(i); } System.out.println(); } }
A number of extensions to the relational data model have been proposed in the three decades or so since its invention. Many of these extensions have been implemented in commercial DBMS. What is termed the post-relational data model here is not strictly a data model in that no coherent theory has been developed. Nevertheless it is useful to discuss it here in terms of a set of mech- anisms found in many contemporary DBMS. Such a data model is also referred to by the terms extended-relational and object-relational data model. In Chapter 18 we discuss how the proposed SQL3 standard addresses many of these features. In Chapter 34 we also consider how the ORACLE DBMS supports some of these features. In the first half of the chapter we consider two extensions to the data defin- ition part of the relational data model: abstract data types and nested relations. In the second half of the chapter we consider two constructs - triggers and stored procedures - that have been used both for data manipulation and data integrity purposes. The incorporation of these features into a relational DBMS provides it with the ability to handle complex objects and behaviour. Hence many of the DBMS with these features have termed themselves object-rela- tional systems.