plinth beam is a part of a structure can transfer loads to the adjacent columns,
grade beam is a type of foundation system used to distribute the weight of a building over unstable soil. The grade beam may sit directly on the loose soil.
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Differential beam bending is when the beam is being bent at equally but at opposite sides. The beam can be bend in separate areas of a single beam or be two different parallel beams.
The channel is U-shaped cross-section, while the crossbeam is can be divided into H-plate, I-beam, etc. Both of them have different uses.
The minor axis of a rectangular column or beam is the line that goes through the center. The minor axis will be shorter than the major axis.
The answer to this question is too complex to describe here. There are too many factors which are not specified in the question, such as load in pounds per linear foot, spacing of the 4X12 joists, as well as grade and species of lumber.
One example of a parallel beam of light is sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, as the rays from the Sun are nearly parallel due to the vast distance between the Sun and Earth. Another example is laser light, which is produced by stimulated emission and consists of highly coherent and parallel rays due to the nature of the laser's construction and operation.