Yes - in fact, that is the .44 calibre cartridge it is intended for, the .44-40 shot cartridge, which uses either a paper or wood sabot to hold the shot. Most that I have seen are also capable of firing the .44 XL, which is a lengthened .44-40 with the shot inside of the brass, rather than using the sabot. While you can fit a 2-1/2" .410 shell in the HSB Ruso, it should not be fired - it's only chambered for the 2" shells. IIRC, the only 2" .410 shells are the high brass shells.
THIS SHOTGUN IS NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO USE MODERN .410 SHOTGUN SHELLS, AND SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR SUCH. The .410 used in the HSB Ruso (and other .410 shotguns of the period) was something of a predecessor to the modern .410.
No. A smaller caliber will either not fire at all, or will split the cartridge casing if it does fire.
You will have to specify if you are referring to black powder, rim fire or center fire and the weight of the projectile
Depending on what it is chamberd for, yes.
No
Stevens 30 caliber rim fire is not a true 30 caliber. Chamber is .296. Bore .270 t0 .277. I found a 30 caliber rim fire round, at a gun show. It did not measure out to a 30 cal. Shot shooter
It fires 5.7x28mm.
Generally speaking, no. You can only fire the caliber for which the gun is chambered. There are some exceptions, but not many.
Generally speaking, no, and, you should never try to fire any ammo from a gun other than what it is designed to fire. You may be able to get it to fire, but you could damage the gun or hurt yourself.
No. You should never try to load or fire any ammo into a gun other than what it is designed to fire. A .44 caliber gun is designed to fire .44 caliber ammo.
those fire arm are above .38 caliber..
Yes
22 cal......................