No the teacher is not allowed to physically snatch the phone out of your hand in some states this is considered simple assault. The teacher is however allowed to ask you to hand over your phone for confiscation til the end of the day or otherwise noted on the school policies.
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Absolutely ! You do NOT need a phone while you're on school property - you're there to learn. If there is a family 'emergency' - they can simply call the school and get a message to you that way !
Depending on the rules of you school and the schoolboard, your teacher may or may not have the right to take the phone and answer the call if it is during school and it is interrupting a class. In most cases though the teacher will just ask you to hand over the phone.
By "go through" meaning browsing it, yes and no. If your teacher thinks there may be inappropriate material on it, they have the right to do so.
legally yes, the rules say that you are not allowed to have them in school anyways unless they are put away and off. it shouldnt be in your hand.