A natural disturbance includes a lava flow, earthquake, or a forest fire.
But human forces can also be disturbances, such as farms.
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A natural disaster like a wildfire or volcanic eruption is most likely to trigger secondary succession. These events can wipe out existing plant and animal life, creating a blank slate for new species to colonize and establish themselves.
Earth's secondary atmosphere most likely developed from volcanic activity and comet impacts, which released gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. These gases accumulated over time to form the atmosphere we have today.
Pioneer plants are usually present in an area where primary succession begins.
a lava flow
Yes, tsunamis are more likely to occur in active continental margins due to the presence of tectonic plate boundaries, subduction zones, and seismic activity that can trigger underwater earthquakes and vertical displacement of the seafloor, leading to the generation of tsunamis.
Without secondary succession, ecosystems would not be able to recover after disturbances like fires or human activities. This would lead to less biodiversity, soil erosion, and a less resilient environment overall. The landscape would likely be dominated by pioneer species and not progress to more complex communities.