Substrate for fermentation is usually glucose. But depending on the yeast type it can be fructose or other monossaccharides too.
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The substrates for fermentation are typically carbohydrates, such as glucose or sucrose. These sugars are broken down by microorganisms like yeast or bacteria to produce energy in the form of ATP and fermentation byproducts like ethanol or lactic acid.
In batch fermentation, substrate is added all at once at the beginning of the process, and no more is added during the run. The product is generally not siphoned off during the fermentation process but is harvested once the fermentation is complete.
Sugar is the substrate or starting product for the fermentation process.
Fermentation does not require the electron transport chain (ETC) as it does not rely on oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Instead, fermentation relies on substrate-level phosphorylation to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.
This is anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation or substrate level phosphorylation
In fed-batch fermentation, nutrients or substrate are continuously added during the fermentation process to allow for prolonged growth and product formation. This technique helps to avoid substrate inhibition and maintain optimal conditions for cell growth. In batch fermentation, all nutrients are added at the beginning and the fermentation is allowed to proceed until completion, without additional nutrients being added.