C4 photosynthesis or CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis
Some alternative pathways for photosynthesis include C4 photosynthesis and CAM photosynthesis. C4 plants have a specialized mechanism to concentrate carbon dioxide in specific cells, whereas CAM plants open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and perform the Calvin cycle during the day. These alternative pathways help plants in hot and arid environments to minimize water loss and increase efficiency in capturing carbon dioxide.
C4 and CAM are two alternative photosynthesis pathways found in plants. C4 plants have a specialized mechanism to improve CO2 fixation in hot and dry conditions, while CAM plants use a temporal separation of carbon fixation during the night and day to conserve water.
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Features that are reverse of one another: In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose, while in cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, whereas cellular respiration consumes oxygen as a reactant. Features that are not reverse: Both pathways involve the use of electron transport chains to generate ATP. Both pathways occur in specialized organelles - photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
No, respiration is not the exact reversal of photosynthesis. While photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, respiration breaks down glucose using oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Although there are some shared processes between the two, they are not exact reversals of each other.
Aeromonas is a genus of bacteria that includes both fermentative and non-fermentative species. Some species within the genus are capable of fermenting sugars to produce energy, while others rely on alternative metabolic pathways.
C4 and CAM are two alternative photosynthesis pathways found in plants. C4 plants have a specialized mechanism to improve CO2 fixation in hot and dry conditions, while CAM plants use a temporal separation of carbon fixation during the night and day to conserve water.
non-cyclic electron pathways
Fermentation is a form of respiration. It is an anaerobic process where cells break down glucose to produce energy without using oxygen. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
David Hess has written: 'Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry'
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Features that are reverse of one another: In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose, while in cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, whereas cellular respiration consumes oxygen as a reactant. Features that are not reverse: Both pathways involve the use of electron transport chains to generate ATP. Both pathways occur in specialized organelles - photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
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D photosynthesis does not involve metabolic pathways. Photosynthesis is a process carried out by plants and some microorganisms to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water. It is a separate process from metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown and synthesis of molecules in living organisms.
The pentose phosphate pathway is mainly an anabolic pathway that generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. It is essential for the production of nucleotides, which are building blocks for DNA and RNA.
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The C4 and CAM systems are considered compromises because they have evolved in response to specific environmental conditions to enhance photosynthetic efficiency by minimizing water loss and optimizing carbon fixation in suboptimal conditions such as high temperatures or low water availability. While these pathways are more energy-intensive for the plant compared to the traditional C3 pathway, they allow plants to thrive in environments where C3 photosynthesis would be less efficient.