Angiosperms & gymnosperms
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Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms, while nonflowering seed plants are referred to as gymnosperms. Gymnosperms include plants like conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes, which do not produce flowers and instead have exposed seeds on cones or other structures.
Vascular and Non-Vascular
In flowering plants, fertilization occurs when pollen enters the ovule through the stigma and fertilizes the egg cell. This forms a zygote that develops into an embryo inside a seed. In other plant groups, such as non-flowering plants like mosses and ferns, fertilization involves the fusion of sperm and egg cells without the formation of seeds.
Flowering plants have flowers, non-flowering plants do notFlowering plants produce seeds, non-flowering do not (normally spore)Gametophytes are independent in non-flowering plants, these are dependent on sporophytes in flowering plants.
Non-flowering plants include:Conifers and other gymnospermsFernsClubmossesHornwortsLiverwortsMossesGreen algaeFlowering plant groups:Monocotyledonous plantsDicotyledonous plants
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