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The primary factors that affect the strength and direction of winds are pressure gradient force, Coriolis effect, friction, and local topography. Pressure gradient force drives air from high to low pressure areas, Coriolis effect influences wind direction due to the Earth's rotation, friction slows down winds near the surface, and local topography can create orographic or valley winds.
The trade winds are an example of prevailing winds. They blow from the subtropical high pressure zones toward the equator and are consistent in direction and strength.
South winds come from the south, or in other words, they blow in a direction from south to north.
Permanent winds are winds that pretty much always blow, and blow in the same direction. Periodic winds are that are somehow tied to the seasons. Like in spring it's generally northerly and in autumn it's generally southerly. Or something along those lines.
Prevailing winds are part of large patterns of circulation that come from the same direction. These winds are the dominant winds that blow consistently in a specific direction over a particular region.
Monsoons.