By the chromosomes
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Materials and proteins are transported through the cells by the process of vesicular transport, which involves the movement of vesicles within the cell. This can include processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and vesicle trafficking between organelles. Additionally, proteins may be transported across the cell membrane by specific transporter proteins or through channels.
By the chromosomes
Through proteins in the membrane.
You you may mean a ribosome, which carries RNA and acts in making proteins.
Proteins do not pass through cell membranes freely because they are large molecules that cannot easily fit through the membrane's lipid bilayer. Instead, proteins are typically transported into or out of cells through specific channels or transport proteins in a process called facilitated diffusion or active transport.
Lipids are mainly transported around the body as lipoproteins. Lipoproteins consist of lipids (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) surrounded by proteins and help transport lipids through the bloodstream to cells that require them for energy or as building blocks.