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A sulfur atom is larger than an oxygen atom.
Magnesium is the cation and sulfur is the anion.
There are 16 protons in an atom of sulfur. All isotopes and ions of the same elements will have the same number of protons regardless of the difference in the number of neutrons or electrons. So the information about the atom being "neutral" is unnecessary.
The ion with the formula SO4 and a -2 charge is called sulfate ion. It consists of one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms with a total charge of -2.
HSO5, also known as hydrogen sulfite ion, has a linear molecular structure with the sulfur atom in the center bonded to one hydrogen atom and four oxygen atoms. The hydrogen is at one end of the molecule and the oxygen atoms are arranged around the sulfur atom.