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There are four different types of hypersensitivities. Type I Hypersensitivities are mostly Allergies and they are exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune responses to an allergen (antigen). The severity of allergies can range from atopy (local allergy such as hay fever or Asthma) or anaphylaxis (a violent and potentially fatal reaction that leads to narrowing of the bronchial airways). Foods, drugs, pollen and bee stings can trigger these reactions and this kind of sensitivity can be transferable to normal people through serum antibody.
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The foreign or nonself proteins that trigger immune responses are called?
An immune response is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body ("self") from those that are not ("nonself," or foreign). Such molecules that can elicit an immune response are called antigens.
In order for antigens to incite the immune response they must be 1 processed 2 reduced 3 combined with other proteins 4 directed?
Antigens incite the immune response by being processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to T cells. Once presented, the antigens can activate specific immune responses, leading to the generation of memory cells and effector cells that target the antigen. Antigens that are not processed, reduced, or combined with other proteins may not effectively stimulate the immune system.
What is the location of HLA1 and HLA2?
HLA1 and HLA2 are located on chromosome 6 in the human genome. They encode proteins that play a key role in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells for immune responses.
What types of microbes do adaptive immune responses combat?
The adaptive immune system was developed in higher vertebrates to combat pathogens and antigens. These can include viruses, bacteria, and anything else that can cause the immune system to launch an immune response.
What are the difference between antiviral immunity and anti bacterial immunity?
Antiviral immunity targets viruses by recognizing viral antigens and activating immune responses specific to viral infections. Antibacterial immunity targets bacteria by recognizing bacterial antigens and activating immune responses specific to bacterial infections. The mechanisms of immune cell activation, the types of cells involved, and the specific responses generated differ between antiviral and antibacterial immunity.
What is an excessive immune response to antigens?
Allergies
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses?
antigens
The foreign or nonself proteins that trigger immune responses are called?
An immune response is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body ("self") from those that are not ("nonself," or foreign). Such molecules that can elicit an immune response are called antigens.
What are Examples of inappropriate responses of the immune system?
Fever, Inflammatory myopathies, and vitamin A deficiency.
How are regulatory T cells activated and what role do they play in the immune response?
Regulatory T cells are activated by recognizing specific antigens presented by other immune cells. Once activated, they suppress excessive immune responses to prevent autoimmunity and maintain immune tolerance. They play a crucial role in controlling inflammation and preventing immune reactions against self-tissues.
What are the five types of antigens?
The five types of antigens are proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoproteins. Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common types, often found on the surfaces of pathogens. Lipids and nucleic acids can also elicit immune responses, though they are less common as antigens. Glycoproteins are important in cell recognition and play a role in immune responses as well.
Is this true or false Allergies or hypersensitivities are normal immune responses?
They're abnormal immune responses - by definition, an allergy is an inappropriate response to a foreign substance. After all, it's not known as an 'allergy' when people's immune systems attack harmful pathogens, despite the body mounting somewhat similar immune responses.
How do histocompatibility antigens help the immune system in recognizing and distinguishing between self and non-self cells?
Histocompatibility antigens, also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), help the immune system recognize and distinguish between self and non-self cells by serving as markers on the surface of cells. These antigens play a crucial role in immune responses by allowing the immune system to identify and target foreign invaders while avoiding attacking the body's own cells.
What is the function of surface antigens on RBCs?
Surface antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) play a crucial role in determining blood type and facilitating immune responses. These antigens, such as A, B, and Rh factors, are proteins and carbohydrates that help the immune system recognize self from non-self cells. When blood is transfused, the presence of incompatible antigens can trigger an immune reaction, leading to potentially serious complications. Additionally, these antigens are involved in various physiological processes, including cell signaling and adhesion.
Why is an antigen important?
Antigens are important because they trigger responses to pathogens by the immune system. Without them, no prevention against pathogens would take place.
In order for antigens to incite the immune response they must be 1 processed 2 reduced 3 combined with other proteins 4 directed?
Antigens incite the immune response by being processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to T cells. Once presented, the antigens can activate specific immune responses, leading to the generation of memory cells and effector cells that target the antigen. Antigens that are not processed, reduced, or combined with other proteins may not effectively stimulate the immune system.
What is the location of HLA1 and HLA2?
HLA1 and HLA2 are located on chromosome 6 in the human genome. They encode proteins that play a key role in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells for immune responses.
