As many as you wish, as long as you do cross 200 amp limit
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The number of circuits you can have on a 200 amp service depends on the load of each circuit. As a general rule of thumb, you can have up to 40-50 circuits on a 200 amp service panel, but this can vary based on the specific requirements of your electrical system and local codes. It's important to consult with a licensed electrician to determine the appropriate number of circuits for your installation.
In the United States, there isn't a hard limit on how many 20 amp circuits that can be run on a 50 amp supply. This is because in most cases, especially in homes, we don't load most circuits with more than an amp or 2, even when they are protected by a 20 amp breaker. From a practical perspective you probably have a limited number of slots for breakers in your service or supply panel.
Yes, but at every reduction in wire size there has to be a breaker sized to the smaller wire size. The wire size for 100 amp panels is recommended at #3 copper conductor. From the 200 amp feeder panel you will require a 100 amp two pole breaker for each of the two 100 amp services. Keep in mind that if you run the 100 amp services close to maximum this will take away the capacity of the 200 amp service for other branch circuits coming off of it. Also keep in mind that if the panels are located, not in the same building as the 200 amp service that the 100 amp panels will be treated as separate services and will have to be constructed like a 100 amp service. This includes ground rods. Also the bonding screw will have to be removed that connects the neutral buss to the panel enclosure.
No, it is not safe or recommended to connect a 200 amp service to a 125 amp panel. The panel must be rated to match the amperage of the service to avoid overloading the panel and potential fire hazards. It is important to upgrade the panel to match the service amperage.
No, each size service needs its own meter base.
Currently, there is no manufacturer that makes a main breaker 200 amp service with built-in 200 amp ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) protection. GFCI protection is typically provided through individual GFCI outlets or circuit breakers installed within the electrical system.