It depends on the gauge of the wire, the length and the total current draw of the appliances. You said "heavy duty outdoor extension cord" so I'll assume 12 gauge wire. You can run a MAXIMUM of 20 amps for a MAXIMUM of 100 Ft on that wire. If the current draw goes up, so should the wire size. If the distance goes up, so should the wire size. 10 Ga wire - 30 amps for 100 Ft.
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The maximum recommended length for an electric extension cord is usually around 100 feet for household use, although shorter lengths are better for higher-powered tools or appliances. Exceeding this length can result in voltage drop and potential overheating of the cord, leading to a fire hazard. It is important to match the cord's length and gauge to the power load of the device being used.
A standard manufactured length for an extension cord is 100 feet of #12 wire. On construction sites extension cords are longer but the wire in that cord is upsized. The extension cords on construction sites can be up to #10 or #8. It all has to do with voltage drop and the amount of current the device needs that is plugged into the cord. For extension cords around the home one 100 foot cord is about the maximum you would want to go. If you plug another cord into the first one the device that you want to use may not operate due to low voltage.
To temporarily run a filter using an extension cord, make sure the cord is rated for outdoor use and the appropriate length. Plug the extension cord into a nearby grounded outlet and then connect it to the filter. Avoid using indoor extension cords or daisy-chaining multiple cords together to prevent electrical hazards.
Plugging a surge protector into an extension cord can overload the circuit and increase the risk of a fire hazard due to the excessive energy draw from multiple devices. The extension cord may not be rated to handle the electrical load necessary for a surge protector, leading to overheating and potential damage to the devices connected.
If you mean that the (heavy duty) extension cord has a wire size of #14 or #12 wire in it and that the length is not over 50 feet then you will have no trouble running a refrigerator. Keep in mind that you only use extension cords as a temporary measure and that they are not to be used as replacements for permanent wiring.
Yes, the use of an extension cord is safe, as they have been underwriter laboratory tested. An extension cord is meant to be used as a means of bringing power to a portable device for a temporary period of time. They should only to be used as a temporary fix until a permanent installation can be installed.
It is recommended to use a heavy-duty, grounded extension cord for a freezer to ensure safety and prevent overheating. Make sure the cord is rated for the same voltage as your freezer and check the wattage capacity of the cord to handle the power requirements of the appliance.