An isothermal calorimeter is a tool used to bind small molecules to larger macromolecules, and determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in a solution. An isoperibol calorimeter measures the heat created by a sample burned under an oxygen atmosphere in a closed vessel surrounded by water, in controlled conditions. The measurement is known as a BTU value.
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In an isothermal calorimeter, the temperature inside the calorimeter remains constant during the measurement, preventing any heat exchange with the surroundings. In an isoperibol calorimeter, the calorimeter is well-insulated and allows heat exchange with the surroundings, but the heat loss or gain is accurately measured and compensated for.
By considering only the water in the calorimeter as the surroundings, the error introduced is neglecting the heat exchange between the water and the actual surroundings outside the calorimeter. This can lead to an inaccurate measurement of the heat flow between the system being studied and the surroundings, affecting the calculated heat capacity or enthalpy change.
The device you are referring to is called a calorimeter. It is specifically designed to measure the heat exchange between substances in a thermally isolated environment.
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