This is a basic physics concept. The longer an instrument, the lower the frequency of the sound waves coming out of it, and therefore a lower pitch. The Oboe is a small, short instrument. The bassoon, on the other hand, is a large instrument. Because it is longer, you get a lower pitch. This principle applies for all instruments.
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the oboe plays in the treble clef, so its relatively high, but its one of the lower instruments in the treble clef.
A bassoon has a lower sound than a flute.
Some lower-sounding oboe/ double reed family members are the English Horn and Oboe d' amore. They are about a 1/3rd octave lower, larger, and deeper sounding, but still share the sound we all love.
The Oboe does. That is because of the smaller size, and different construction of the instrument.
The Baritone oboe is the largest in the oboe family. Though if you mean in the double reed family it's the contrabasson. An oboist couldn't play the contrabassoon, but he could play the baritone oboe. It's 1 octave lower than the oboe.
There is a HUGE difference between an oboe and a bassoon. Bassoons are low woodwinds that are very large and have a reed that sticks out of the middle of the instrument. It sounds kind of muffled and normally plays a similar part in a song as the bass instruments (tuba, trombone, etc.) An oboe is similar in physical attributes to an English horn. An oboe has 2 reeds and plays a similar part in songs that a flute does, just a bit lower-pitched.