The metallic disk on the drum kit are called cymbals. They come in many different kinds. Every one is specifically made for a specific sound.
EDIT - Another Possibility:
You may be talking about the metal disk that you stick onto the skin of a bass drum, to give it an extra "click" sound. These are called "patches", for example a common brand of patch is the Falam Patch, made by Remo.
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No, there is not a name that you would understand but however, there is a science name.
They liked drums?
Depends on the construction of the drums. Cold probably won't do much to a metal snare drum. Drums made out of wood alone will probably be fine, but it could wreak havoc on a set that is wood with metal wrapping.
Kettle drums are so called due to them having a large metal bowl shaped shell they are similar to Timpani drums used in the orchestra, having a large drum skin/head can have a deep tone depending on tuning. Kettle drums initially where used by drummers on horse back with images dating back to ancient times. As to regards of uniqueness if used in the traditional way they are one of the few drums played while on horseback.
No samba is not an instrument. It is a style of Brazilian music and dance. Samba is also the name of a computer language.