It means the dominant seventh chord.
In C major this would comprise of the notes G B D and the seventh F
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Generally, V7 (or V chords) like to resolve to the I chord.
The 7th usually resolves down by step.
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In that key, the V7 is F, A, C, E-flat.
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To learn music theory, there are step by step instructions in many music books. Alternatively a good music teacher should be able to explain music theory.
sforzato-piano (Italian: strong accent, followed immediately by soft)