The holes in a button are referred to as buttonholes. Buttonholes are designed to allow fabric to pass through them.
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I do not know if they have a musical name but they are commonly just called Recorder Holes.
The F holes in a cello are called... <drum roll!> F-holes! They are also called 'sound holes', and acousticians might refer to them as 'ports'.
If you are trying to make the thumb hole then you just sew a basic button hole (but larger of course)
They are called f-holes.
F-holes on a violin basically let the sound out. The sound from the vibrating string resonates within the body of the violin, amplifying it and giving the sound the unique sound of the violin. The sound waves bounce around inside the hollow body of the violin until some of it leaves the body through the f-holes. F-holes are used instead of round holes to give the violin that crisp, clean sound that they have.