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One could write a dictionary about this; in fact, someone probably already has. Here are a few basic terms:

Piano - quiet

Mezzo-piano - medium quiet

Mezzo-forte - medium loud

Forte - loud

Staccato - short

Legato - smooth, like a singing voice

Tempo - the speed of the beat

Bar/measure - A segment of time determined by the time signature. Each bar has the same number of beats.

Key Signature - the number of sharps and flats in a piece

Time Signature - the top number indicates how many beats there are per measure. The bottom number indicates which type of note (half note, quarter note, eighth note, etc..) is equal to one beat

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