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FDBSs can be categorized as loosely
coupled or tightly coupled based on who
manages the federation and how the com-
ponents are integrated. interoperable database system ( loosely ) An FDBS is loosely
coupled if it is the user's responsibility to
create and maintain the federation and
there is no control enforced by the feder-
ated system and its administrators.
A federation is tightly
coupled if the federation and its adminis-
trator(s) have the responsibility for creat-
ing and maintaining the federation and
actively control the access to component
DBSs.
A loosely coupled FDBS always
supports multiple federated schemas. A
tightly coupled FDBS may have one or
more federated schemas. A tightly coupled
FDBS is said to have single federation if it
allows the creation and management of
only one federated schema.
A tightly coupled FDBS is
said to have multiple federations if it allows
the creation and management of multiple
federated schemas
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What are tightly and loosely coupled cluster systems?
Tightly coupled clusters are a group of machines that are largely dependent on each other. They are often used when latency is an important factor in the application. For example, a web cluster is often a tightly coupled cluster as the web servers/application servers require quick and consistent access to a shared storage system (network filesystem or database).Loosely coupled clusters are a group of machines (or groups of groups) which can operate independent of each other. Communications between nodes (or subclusters) is often done via a queuing system.
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