These are the most common prepositions. Many can be adjectives and adverbs, and some can be conjunctions.
Aboard
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Amid
Among
Around
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Between
Beyond
But
By
Down
During
Except
For
From
In
Into
Like
Near
Of
Off
On
Over
Pat
Since
Through
Throughout
To
Toward
Under
Underneath
Until
Unto
Up
Upon
With
Within
Without
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"The" is a determiner; it determines what you are talking about to be the definite article, the Real McCoy. (That is a real term; I got it from a dictionary.) "At" is a preposition; a word that governs a noun or pronoun and expresses a relation between that and another word or element, as in "She arrived afterdinner" or "What did you do it for?"("After" and "For" in the examples are prepositions.)
The German word von, generally meaning "of" or "from," might be rendered in Swahili as kutoka, e.g., Huyu ni Fulani kutoka Uganda, This is Fulani from Uganda. Swahili has few prepositions, and doesn't much use those it has. This sentence would likely be broken into two and express the idea with a verb: Huyu ni Fulani. Anatoka Uganda, This is Fulani. He comes from Uganda.
The parts of speech are the nuts and bolts of language. You can talk about the functions of the parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions) without any regard to the meanings of the words themselves. Figures of speech are creative uses of language in order to convey certain moods or meanings.
"Between one and one and a half years" is correct. "Between" and "to" are both prepositions; "and" is a conjunction. "X and Y" indicates two (2) items; "X to Y" indicates a continuum. Nothing can be placed between a continuum. Consider "...between Mary and Bob" as opposed to "...between Mary to Bob."