Just who killed Goliath, and when, is not entirely agreed in The Bible. 1 Samuel chapter 17 says that David killed Goliath while still a young shepherd boy, or perhaps the musician to King Saul, or perhaps Saul's armour bearer. In all cases, Saul was still king of Israel.
Another episode, at 2 Samuel 21:19 casts further light on the legend of Goliath. The Hebrew Bible in English (JPS 1917 Edition) says: And there was again war with the Philistines at Gob; and Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim the Beth-lehemite slew Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam. In other words, there seems to be another tradition that Elhanan killed Goliath. The translators of the King James Version (KJV) were probably aware of this inconsistency, adding 'the brother of' to verse 21:19 [in italics to indicate that this was not an exact translation], but most other English translations of the Book of Samuel seem to have continued with the Hebrew Bible version.
1 Chronicles, written later and apparently dependent on the Deuteronomic History, makes no mention at all of David killing Goliath, even though the Books of Samuel and Kings present this at the most important single feat leading to David being accepted as a potential king.
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David did not kill Goliath in a city, but rather in a field known as the Valley of Elah.
In the bible the battle between Goliath and David was fought on the plains called Ela also called the Valley of Elah. The full story can be found in 1 Samuel 17.
15-17 years old
The Book of Samuel, Chapter 17 of the Old Testament gives the account of Goliath and David (who slew Goliath). Whether David actually killed Goliath when he hit him in the forehead with the stone is not entirely clear although verse 50 says "So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword in the hand of David." That implies that the stone killed him but it's not certain. At any rate after Goliath collapsed, David took Goliath's sword out of it's sheath and cut off Goliath's head. At that point he was definitely dead. In theory someone wielding a sling can get a stone up to sufficient velocity to cause fatal damage when it strikes someone in the head. A sling can be used to fire a projectile at speeds approaching 140 mph. At such high speeds, if the blow didn't kill Goliath, it certainly would have knocked him cold. There is no mention of him putting up any resistance to the much smaller shepherd boy coming up to his prostrate form, taking the sword out of its scabbard, and STANDING ON HIM to cut off his head, so he had to either be dead or at least totally dead to the world (unconscious).
David's father sent him with a gift to his older brothers who were serving in the Israelite army. On arriving, David was shocked to hear the taunts of the Philistine giant, Goliath. Day after day this Goliath blasphemously and contemptuously challenges Israel to choose a man and let him come out and fight, but none reply. Saul quakes in his tent. However, David comes to hear the Philistine's taunts. With righteous indignation and inspired courage, David exclaims: "Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he has to taunt the battle lines of the living God?" (17:26) Rejecting Saul's armor because he had never tried it before, David goes out to do battle, equipped only with a shepherd's staff, a sling, and five smooth stones. Regarding a match with this young shepherd boy as beneath his dignity, Goliath calls down evil on David. (1 Samuel 17:1-44)