No. A thermocouple is made from two dissimilar wires. At the junction of these two wires, an electrical signal is generated that is measured in millivolts. If you insert another type of wire, such as copper, then you have introduced another electrical junction. Your signal will be (millivolt from junction 1 + millivolt from junction 2).
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Maybe. A thermocouple measures the temperature difference between the sensing junction (where the two different metal wires meet) and the other end of the wire, the reference junction. If you extend a thermocouple with copper wire, you will measure the temperature difference between the junction and the location where the copper extension is spliced on. If the copper splice is the same temperature as the reference junction, or if you can measure the temperature at the splice, then it will be fine. In general, it is better to run the thermocouple wire to the reference junction.
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how to reduce copper losses in a transformer Copper losses are due to the resistance of the copper (or aluminum) windings. To reduce copper losses the transformer would have to be rewound with heavier gage wire.
Mainly all telephone wires are made of copper with a plastic coating for insulation. Older form of telephone wire had a paper or pulp insulation over the copper wire. They are also a twisted pair cable.
Its probably not silver. Its probably tin plated to make it easier to solder.
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All thermocouples (whether type J, type K, type T, etc.) measure the difference in temperature between the Tip (junction between two different metals), and the other end of the thermocouple wire, often referred to as the "cold junction." There must be two such junctions somewhere for the thermocouple to operate correctly; typically the measurement junction is at the tip. To measure the temperature of some thing, try to put that junction as close as possible to that thing. However, since the thermocouple is metallic and the measurement relies on detecting tiny voltages, connecting the tip electrically to a metallic surface could affect the measurement. For that reason thermocouples often have insulated tips.