4 parabols and 3 illustrations
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You touch upon the question as to how the Gospel of Matthew is to be understood and interpreted, and the best we can say is that scholars disagree about this, as scholars will. Here is a sketch of one approach that aligns with your question. When we compare Matthew to the other gospels, it appears that Matthew is "the teaching Gospel" in which the author gathers together all the teachings of Jesus in 5 great discourses. These all can be summarized as being about the Kingdom of God as follows (1) The Law of the Kingdom (the Sermon on the Mount), chapter 5 (2) The duties of Kingdom leaders - chapter 10 (3) Parables of the Kingdom -13 (4) Greatness and Forgiveness in the Kingdom -18 (5) The coming of the King - 24 and 25
In Matthew 13:10-15 there is no parable, but Jesus's explanation to his disciples why he speaks in parable. A parable is as a two-edges sword, to those that have spiritual senses and understanding it will open an even deeper understanding, and those that have their spiritual senses dulled, will become even more confused. A parable can be a great way to illustrate deep spiritual truths by drawing parallels from nature and everyday situations that the audience is very familiar with, but most fail to see beyond the surface, what the story is really about.
There are 4 parables in Mark chapter 4. The Sower is discussed in detail in verses 3-8. The Seed is mentioned in verse 20. The Lamp in verse 21 (see also Luke 8:16 and Luke 11:33 ) is mentioned. The Grain Of Mustard Seed is found in verses 31-32 (see also Matthew13:31-32 and Luke 13:19 ).
In the new testament in the book of John chapter 13, there are a total of 38 verses in all.
There are many, one is Mark 5:8-10, another is Acts 19:13-15, others are Matthew 4:24, Matthew 8:16, Matthew 8:27-34, Matthew 9:32, Matthew 12:21-23, Matthew 17:13-19. Most of those have matching passages in the other three gospels.