The English language was based off Germanic languages (from the Anglo-Saxons mainly) and the French language.
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The language of Old English was influenced by various languages, including Latin (through the Roman occupation of Britain), Celtic languages (spoken by the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain), and Old Norse (introduced by the Viking invasions). These influences shaped the vocabulary, grammar, and phonology of Old English.
The word "rough" is originally from the Middle English language, which evolved from Old English. It is also influenced by Old Norse.
The English language is primarily made up of two language families: Germanic and Romance. Germanic languages, such as Old English, Old Norse, and Dutch, contributed to the core vocabulary and grammatical structure of English. Romance languages, such as Latin and French, have also heavily influenced English vocabulary through borrowing and loanwords. Overall, English is a complex and dynamic language that has evolved over time through the blending of various linguistic influences.
English has roots in the Germanic language family, deriving primarily from Old English and heavily influenced by Latin, French, and other languages due to historical invasions and migrations. It is a West Germanic language that has evolved over centuries to become the global lingua franca.
There are a great deal of differences. Old English is a Germanic language; Modern English is largely influenced by the French language, the great vowel shift etc. As a speaker of Modern English, one would have great difficulties in reading Old English texts.For more information, you could read Barbara Fennell's 'A History of English', for example.
No, the old English language did not stop in 1066. The Norman Conquest in 1066 influenced the development of Middle English, which gradually replaced Old English as the dominant language in England. Old English continued to be used in some contexts alongside Middle English for a period of time.