An exoskeleton is an external skeleton that protects and supports the animal's body. Two phyla that have exoskeletons are Arthropoda and Heterokontophyta.
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Two features that define animal phyla are body plan (organization of tissues and symmetry) and level of complexity (including presence or absence of true tissues, body cavities, and segmentation).
The two most common phyla of animals are Arthropoda, which includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans, and Chordata, which includes vertebrates like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Most animal phyla exhibit bilateral symmetry, where the body can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane. This body plan is thought to have evolved for efficient movement and coordination in organisms.
The two animal phyla that show radial symmetry are Cnidaria (such as jellyfish and sea anemones) and Echinodermata (such as starfish and sea urchins). Radial symmetry means that the body parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis, like spokes on a wheel.
Cnidaria and Ctenophora are the two phyla that are diploblastic, meaning they have two germ layers during embryonic development – the ectoderm and endoderm.