I think everyone wants to have some understanding of why things go wrong in their lives. Being in a randomly dangerous world is frightening and impossible to cope with. When the people of the Middle Ages saw people dying in very large numbers, they needed to feel there was a reason for it. Since they thought in terms of religion, the answer they arrived at was framed in terms of religion.
Suppose a terrible disease hit mankind today, and half the people in the world died in the course of three or four years. We would want to know why, and since we think in terms of science, we would finding answers in terms of microorganisms or viruses. But the next question is where did it come from? And a lot of people would put blame on some person or organization that they could blame. Their choices would probably be the CIA, Monsanto, the government of Iran, space aliens who wanted to reduce the human population, a mad scientist in Patagonia, or whatever. There would even be a large number of people who would blame the whole thing on our sins, and say it was God's punishment.
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medieval people were punished because of sins and crimes such as nagging, thieving letting your stock ruin other peoples gardens or farms, murder and so on
He thought God was punishing him for marrying his brothers wife because it said in the bible that you shouldn't do marry you brothers wife.
The people believed that god was very angry and was punishing them
The medieval concept of Heaven is much as the modern concept is. The Church has not changed its teachings, and there is really no new information. It is and has been viewed as a place for the departed spirits of good people, who worship God in an attitude of bliss. I think even the harps are included in the medieval ideas on the subject.
That you have done a sin and god is punishing you. Also some said that the satan has possessed the people whom were sick.
Some people believed god was punishing man for their sins, they began to wip and hurt themselves to try and make God forbive them of their sins. Like the albino character in the Davinci code.