Normally, the Romans wanted to receive their taxes. That, and making sure none of their colonies planned rebellions, was usually the only thing that they were really concerned about.
Judaism itself wasn't generally considered a threat, but Jewish uprisings were. The Zealots (against the advice of the Torah-sages) tried to oust the Romans from Judea around the year 68 CE; and then there was the Bar Kochba revolt around 135 CE. These were a major worry to the Romans.
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The Romans did not see Jesus as a threat. To them he was an insignificant figure in a small backwater of the Roman Empire (Judea). Jesus was seen as a threat by the Jewish priests, not by the Romans.
No. But there was a good number of individual Romans who converted to Judaism.
No. The Romans did not even consider women citizens.
The Romans did not view Jesus as a political threat. It was the Jewish priests who saw Jesus as a threat. When they presented charges of sedition against Jesus to the Roman governor he did not believe these charges and thought that he was innocent. He tried to save Jesus, but was forced to sentence him to death by the crowd.
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